Physiological and molecular mechanisms of insect appendage regeneration

Zhong, Jiru; Jing, Andi; Zheng, Shaojuan; Li, Sheng; Zhang, Xiaoshuai; Ren, Chonghua

doi:10.1186/s13619-022-00156-1

Cell Regeneration

Table 2 Internal mechanisms underlying regeneration

From: Physiological and molecular mechanisms of insect appendage regeneration

Internal factors		Regeneration process	Species and tissues	Regulatory network	References
Signaling pathways	ROS and MAPK	wound healing, regenerative growth	D. melanogaster: wing disc; A. ypsilon: wing disc	MAPK signalings can be activated by ROS	Bergantiños et al. 2010; Bosch et al. 2005; Mattila et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2021
	ECM	wound healing, blastema formation	D. melanogaster: leg disc; T. castaneum: larval leg	Mmps are induced by JNK signaling	McClure et al. 2008; Mitten et al. 2012
	JAK/STAT	blastema cell proliferation	D. melanogaster: wing disc; G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg	Induced by Toll-2 and ROS/JNK/P38/Upd cascade	Bando et al. 2013; La Fortezza et al. 2016; Santabárbara-Ruiz et al. 2015); Bando et al. 2022
	TGF-β	blastema formation and patterning	G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg; P. americana: nymphal leg	Interacts with Dachsous/Fat signaling and dac gene	Mito et al. 2002; Ishimaru et al. 2018; Li et al. 2018
	Hippo	blastema cell proliferation	D. melanogaster: wing disc; G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg	Activated by JNK signaling and Dachsous/Fat signaling	Grusche et al. 2011; Sun and Irvine 2011; Bando et al. 2018; Bando et al. 2009
	Wg/Wnt	initiation and patterning	D. melanogaster: wing and eye discs; T. castaneum: larval leg, antenna, maxilla; G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg	Activated by JNK signaling	Schubiger et al. 2010; Smith-Bolton et al. 2009; Sustar et al. 2011; Shah et al. 2011; Nakamura et al. 2008a, b; Nakamura et al. 2007
	Hedgehog	patterning and regenerative growth	D. melanogaster: leg disc; H. axyridis: larval leg	dpp, wg, rn, dac and Dll are regulated by Hh and Lrp2	Gibson and Schubiger 1999; Mito et al. 2002; Nakamura et al. 2008a, b; Zhou et al. 2021
	Notch	blastema cell proliferation	D. melanogaster: wing disc	/	Blanco et al. 2010
	EGFR	patterning	G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg	Downstream of Wg/Wnt signaling and regulates al and dac	Nakamura et al. 2008a, b
Histone modifications (H3K27me3)	E(z)	patterning (prevent deformities)	G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg; T. castaneum: larval leg	Suppress dac expression	Hamada et al. 2015; Chou et al. 2019
Histone modifications (H3K27me3)	Utx	patterning (joint formation)	G. bimaculatus: nymphal leg	Promote Egfr expression	Hamada et al. 2015

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