Fig. 2
From: Deer antler renewal gives insights into mammalian epimorphic regeneration
Identification of the tissue and cell types for antler regeneration. A Deletion of the pedicle periosteum (PP; arrow) prior to antler regeneration. B The PP-less pedicle failed to regenerate antler (arrow), whereas the sham-operated pedicle gave rise to a 3-branched antler. C Antler regeneration took place from the cut-end of PP on the pedicle bone shaft (arrow) when the distal third of PP was deleted. D Expression of key embryonic stem cell markers of the PP cells: CD9, Oct4, Nanog, SOX2, TERT and nucleostemin. E PP cells were induced to differentiate into different lineage cells: chondrocytes (E1), adipocytes (E2), myotubes (E3) and neuronal-like cells (E4). F Antlerogenic periosteal cells, from which PP cells were directly differentiated, were injected into the inner cell mass of female deer blastocysts; note that the resultant female fetuses developed primordial pedicles (F1 and F2), and that one animal also developed a testis (F3 and inset of F3) and this was confirmed to having been derived from the injected deer cells (F4). APC: antlerogenic periosteal cells; PPC: pedicle periosteal cells; and FPC: facial periosteal cells