Table 2 Comparisons between antler regeneration and digit tip EpR, stump wound healing and fracture repair in mammals
From: Deer antler renewal gives insights into mammalian epimorphic regeneration
Antler regeneration | Digit tip EpR | Stump wound healing | Fracture repair |
|---|---|---|---|
Proliferation of periosteal cells to form a CCC | Extensive histolysis to release the cells for CCC and blastema formation | Proliferation of periosteal cells to form a CCC | Proliferation of periosteal cells to form CCCs |
CCC interacts with the fused skin to initiate blastema formation and subsequent regeneration | Cell dedifferentiation and recruitment of progenitor cells; redifferentiation via intramembranous ossification | Fibrous tissue seals the open end of long bone, full thickness skin heals the wound, CCC remodels to bone and then disappears | Two CCCs interact with each other to initiate bridging callus formation and subsequent repair |
Interactive partner: enveloping skin | Interactive partner: nail organ | Interactive partner: absence | Interactive partner: opposite callus |
Interactive substances: ? | Interactive substances: Wnt factors | Interactive substances: BMP factors | Interactive substances: BMP factors |
Growth via modified endochondral ossification | growth via intramembranous ossification | CCC formation via endochondral ossification | Both the CCCs and bridging callus via endochondral ossification |
Both nerve and load independent | Nerve independent and load dependent | Nerve independent but load effect not known | Nerve independent and load dependent |