Fig. 3
From: Harnessing stem cell and lineage reprogramming technology to treat cardiac fibrosis
Development of stem cell-based cardiac fibrosis models. The advancement of stem cell technology has facilitated the establishment of models for cardiac fibrosis in the past two decades (Drakhlis et al. 2021; Song et al. 2021; Silva et al. 2021; Richards et al. 2020; Bao et al. 2017; Iyer et al. 2015; Witty et al. 2014; Lancaster and Knoblich 2014; Thavandiran et al. 2013; Nunes et al. 2013; Kensah et al. 2013; Tulloch et al. 2011; Schaaf et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2007; Takahashi et al. 2007; Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006). Due to the self-renewal and pluripotency characteristics of induced pluripotent stem cells, it has become possible to produce target cardiac cells on a large scale in vitro. Building upon this progress, the creation of three-dimensional structures that closely resemble an authentic heart has now become a reality. Oct3/4: organic cation/carnitine transporter 3/4; Sox2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; c-Myc: transcriptional regulator Myc-like; Klf4:KLF transcription factor 4; NANOG: Nanog homeobox; LIN28: Protein lin-28; CFs: cardiac fibroblasts; hPSCs: human pluripotent stem cells; hEHT: human engineered heart tissue; hPSC-ECs: human pluripotent stem cell derived endocardial cells; hPSC-CMs: human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes; hPSC-CFs: human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac fibroblasts